Stroke-related upper limb dysfunction and spasticity are main causes of long-term disability which affect functional independence and quality of life notably among patients. Segmental muscle vibration (SMV) has arisen as a promising rehabilitation approach to improve motor recovery and reducing spasticity in poststroke patients. This study aimed to compare the effects of the SMV on upper limb function and spasticity in subacute poststroke patients treated with two vibration frequencies (i.e., 60 Hz and 120 Hz) with those of patients treated with traditional therapy alone. Twenty-eight participants (N = 28) were randomized into three groups including two experimental groups that received extra SMV at 60 Hz and 120 Hz, and a control group that received conventional physiotherapy. The interventions were provided twice a week for eight weeks. The study employed Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremes (FMA-UE), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and Motor Assessment Scale were used to measure the outcomes. Upper limb function showed significant improvements across all groups and a decrease in spasticity at baseline (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, the postintervention between-group results were not significantly different between two SMV and control groups (p > 0.05). SMV in combination with traditional therapy is effective, but there was no difference in the benefits of 60 Hz versus 120 Hz in patients with subacute stroke treated with conventional therapy alone.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are major causes of increased mortality and disability across the globe. Effective management of diabetes mellitus (DM) in CVD patients requires the integration of monitoring of glycemic status (HbA1c) and lipid metabolism. This cross-sectional analytical study included 121 patients and 80 control subjects to analyze the association of HbA1c levels with lipid profiles. Serum biochemical analyses of the lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides] were performed with an Agilent 8453 UV‑Visible spectrophotometer (Agilent Technologies, USA), and HbA1c was measured on an A1C EZ 2.0 glycohemoglobin analyzer. Comparisons of characteristics between the groups were performed using chi square or Fisher's exact tests and unpaired Student’s t‑tests, and the relationships between HbA1c and other variables were determined by correlation and linear regression analyses. The cohort exhibited evidence of poor glycemic control (mean HbA1c of 8.23%) and was associated with increasing age (mean 50.7 years) and weight (mean 70.61 kg). Low levels of HDL-C and a positive family history are associated with disease. Increased age and high body weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and fasting blood glucose levels were associated with high HbA1c levels (≥ 6.5 %), whereas HDL-C levels were inversely associated with HbA1c. Key correlations included significant positive associations of age, weight, SBP, and DBP with HbA1c (all p < 0.05). HDL-C was negatively correlated with HbA1c (p = 0.04). The association of HbA1c with dyslipidemia confirms interlinked nature of risk factors for CVD and glycemic control. Our findings support integrated clinical management that addresses blood pressure alongside glycemic and lipid targets to help mitigate long-term cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients.